Ustrushona In Antiquity And The Early Middle Ages: An Analysis Of Written Sources
Keywords:
Ustrushana, written sources, Chinese chronicles, Arabic-Persian sourcesAbstract
This paper analyzes the historical and geographical description of the region of Ustrushana based on ancient and early medieval written sources. It examines the names, territorial boundaries, political status, trade routes, and the historical significance of Khavos as reflected in Chinese, Sogdian, and Arabic-Persian sources. In addition, the study evaluates the scholarly importance of these written sources for reconstructing the history of Ustrushana.
References
Malyavkin, A.G. Tang Chronicles on the States of Central Asia. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1989. P. 220; Livshits, V.A. (trans. and comm.). Sogdian Documents from Mount Mug. Legal Documents and Letters. Vol. 2. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1962. P. 221.
Khatamova, M.M. Historical and Geographical Description of the Chach Principality in the Early Middle Ages (Based on the Memoirs of Travelers and Envoys). O‘zbekiston tarixi, 2014, No. 2, pp. 24–25.
Bichurin, N.Ya. (Hyacinth). Collection of Information on the Peoples Who Inhabited Central Asia in Ancient Times. Vol. II. Moscow–Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Press, 1950. P. 275.
Gritsina, A.A., Mamadzhanova, S.D., & Mukimov, R.S. Archaeology, History and Architecture of Medieval Ustrushana. Samarkand: IICAS, 2013. pp. 10–11.
Bichurin, N.Ya. (Hyacinth). Collection of Information on the Peoples Who Inhabited Central Asia in Ancient Times. Vol. II. Moscow–Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Press, 1950. P. 188.
Pulatov, U.P. Chilkhudzhra. In: Materials on the Culture of Ustrushana. Vol. 3. Dushanbe: Donish, 1975. pp. 81–85.
Freiman, A.A. Sogdian Documents from Mount Mug. In: Description, Publication and Study of the Documents from Mount Mug. Vol. 1. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 1962. P. 87; Negmatov, N.N. Ustrushana in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Dushanbe, 1957. P. 161.
Arrian. The Anabasis of Alexander, or the History of Alexander the Great's Campaigns. Moscow–Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Press, 1962; Quintus Curtius Rufus. The History of Alexander the Great. Edited by V.S. Sokolov. Moscow, 1963; Pyankov, I.V. The Central Asian Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire at the End of the Fifth Century BC. Vestnik Drevney Istorii, 1965, No. 2, pp. 35–50; Pyankov, I.V. The List of the Eastern Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire According to Ctesias. Materials on the Culture of Tajikistan. Vol. 2. Dushanbe, 1975; Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji). Vol. 1. Translated from Chinese with commentary by R.V. Vyatkina and V.S. Taskina. Moscow, 1972.
Bartold, V.V. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion. Collected Works. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1963. P. 388.
Gritsina, A.A. Ustrushan Tales. Tashkent, 2000. pp. 214–223.
Betger, E.K. Extracts from Abu al-Qasim Ibn Hawqal's Book of Roads and Countries. Proceedings of SAGU. Archaeology of Central Asia. Tashkent, 1957. P. 21.
Negmatov, N.N. Ustrushana in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Dushanbe, 1957.
Ibn Khordadbeh. The Book of Roads and Kingdoms. Translated from Arabic, with commentary, research, indexes and maps by N. Velikhanova. Baku, 1986. P. 64.
Ghafurov, B.G. The Tajiks: Ancient, Early, and Medieval History. Moscow, 1972. P. 388.
Nizam al-Din Shami. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 2019. P. 69.
Abdullaev, V.A., & Valikhojaev, V. Literary Life. In: History of Samarkand. Vol. I. Tashkent, 1969. P. 102.
Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur. Baburnama. Tashkent: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, 1960. pp. 65, 75.
Negmatov, N.N. Ustrushana in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Dushanbe, 1957. P. 41; Pardaev, M.H., & To‘ychiyev, B.B. Ustrushana in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Tashkent, 2017. P. 113.